Human-machine symbiosis: A multivariate perspective for physically coupled human-machine systems

The notion of symbiosis has been increasingly mentioned in research on physically coupled human-machine systems. Yet, a uniform specification which aspects constitute is missing. By combining the expertise different disciplines, we elaborate multivariate perspective as highest form interaction systems, characterized by oneness human and machine. Four dimensions are considered: Task, interaction, performance, experience. First, machine accomplish common objective completing tasks conceptualized decomposition, decision an action level (task dimension). Second, each partner possesses internal representation they form, including partner’s inner states (e.g. experiences) their joint influence environment. This constitutes “symbiotic understanding” between both partners, being basis highly coordinated (interaction Third, symbiotic leads to synergetic effects regarding complementary strengths resulting higher overall performance (performance Fourth, systems specifically change user’s experiences, like flow, acceptance, sense agency, embodiment (experience Our allows clear description helps bridge barriers disciplines.